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LPUNEST is the acronym for Lovely Professional University National Entrance and Scholarship Test. It is conducted in online mode every year for admission to more than 150 programmes. The test acts as an Entrance Test as well as Scholarship Test. The amount of scholarship is determined by the marks and rank obtained by candidates in the exam. In the NIRF Ranking, 2023 LPU appears in Top 100 in its most crucial Overall Category, which includes IITs and Central Universities. LPU is also ranked 51st on the list of all government and private universities in the country.
What is LPUNEST?
LPUNEST 2021 is conducted by Lovely Professional University (LPU). LPU NEST is held to admit candidates for the various courses available in the university. Some of the major courses offered by Lovely Professional University include B.Tech, Law, Agriculture, Design, Hotel Management, and MBA.
The university has also introduced a new course B.Tech in Robotics and Automation and Diploma in Library Science and Information from the upcoming academic session. Candidates securing equal to or more than the cutoff marks will be able to take part in the counselling process of LPUNEST 2021. Candidates will be admitted to specific courses on the basis of their ranking and course preference.
Other Popular Law Entrance Exams:
Candidates who are eligible for filling out the application form can apply for the exam online and offline. To submit the application form in online mode, candidates should visit admissions.ipu.in to complete the application process. On the other hand, candidates who want to apply offline should reach the University campus and collect the LPUNEST kit by paying the requisite fee.
For admission to BTech Programmes at Lovely Professional University, candidates need to fulfil the following Eligibility Criteria;
Nationality
Only Indian Nationals are eligible to apply for LPUNEST (BTech)
Qualifying Examination
Applicants appearing for LPUNEST (BTech) should have either completed or shall be appearing in 2023, in final examination of 10+2 from the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE, New Delhi) or The Council for Indian School Certificate Examination (CISCE, New Delhi) or State Board or any other Council, Institution, college etc. The board must be recognized by the Council of Boards of School Education (COBSE), New Delhi or any other concerned apex body.
Eligibility Criteria in the Qualifying Examination:
Note: In case the applicant falls in both categories, then only one relaxation will be given.
For B.Tech. Biotechnology (BT), B.Tech. (Food Technology), B.Tech. (Biomedical Engineering)
Subjects considered: Physics, Chemistry, English & either Maths or Biology or Biotechnology; other things remain the same as above.
For B.Tech. Chemical Engineering (CHE) and B.Tech. (Petroleum Engineering)
Subjects considered: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and English; other things remain the same as above.
| Full Exam Name | Lovely Professional University National Entrance and Scholarship Test |
| Short Exam Name | LPU NEST |
| Conducting Body | Lovely Professional University |
| Frequency of Conduct | 4 times a year |
| Exam Level | University Level Exam |
| Languages | English |
| Mode of Application | Online |
| Application Fee (General) | 1000 Rs [Online] |
| Mode of Exam | Online |
| Mode of Counselling | Online |
| Participating Colleges | 7 |
| LPU NEST B.Tech - Duration | 2 Hours 30 Minutes |
Bachelor of Design
Bachelor of Engineering
Bachelor of Technology in Agriculture Engineering
Bachelor of Hotel Management
Bachelor of Management Studies
Nationality: Indian citizens can apply for LPUNEST B.Tech course
Qualifying Examination: Candidates must have passed or appearing in Class 12 (10+2 scheme) Board examination from Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)/ Council for Indian School Certificate Examination (ICSE)/ State Board/ other councils, institution, college, etc. recognized by CBSE, New Delhi or other concerned apex bodies will fulfill the LPUNEST 2023 B.Tech eligibility criteria
Marks required : Candidates have to secure a minimum aggregate of 60 percent in 10+2 or equivalent exam (with Physics, Mathematics, and English) provided they have qualified LPUNEST (B.Tech.)/ JEE Main.
Subjects required:
For Biotechnology, Food Technology, Biomedical Engineering: Physics, Chemistry, English and Maths/ Biology/ Biotechnology
The subjects required for Chemical Engineering and Petroleum include Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and English
The eligibility criteria of LPUNEST Agriculture 2023 is as follows:
Nationality: Indian citizens
Qualifying Examination: Candidates must have passed or appeared in Class 12 (10+2 scheme) from CBSE/ Council for Indian School Certificate Examination (CISCE)/ State Board/ other Council, Institution, college etc. recognised by Council of Boards of School Education (COBSE), New Delhi or other apex bodies.
Marks required: Candidates must pass with 60% aggregate marks in 10+2 or Intermediate (with English, Physics, Chemistry, Maths or Biology or Forestry) OR 10+2 or Intermediate (Agriculture) OR 2 yrs. Diploma in Agriculture after 10th or equivalent.
Physics: Unit 01
Motion |
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| Laws of motion: Force and inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum, Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications; equilibrium of concurrent forces |
| Laws of motion: Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications |
| Work, energy, and power: Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work energy theorem, power. Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces |
| Work, energy, and power: Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions |
| Rotational motion: Centre of mass of a two-particle system, centre of mass of a rigid body; basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications |
| Rotational motion: Moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications. Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion |
Physics: Unit 02
Kinematics, gravitation, and oscillations |
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| Physics and measurement: Physics, technology, and society, SI units, fundamental and derived units. Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, errors in measurement, dimensions of physical quantities |
| Physics and measurement: Dimensional analysis and its applications |
| Kinematics: Frame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity- time, position-time graphs |
| Kinematics: Frame of reference. Relations for uniformly accelerated motion. Scalars and vectors, vector addition and subtraction, zero vector, scalar and vector products, unit vector, resolution of a vector. Relative velocity, motion in a plane |
| Kinematics: Frame of reference. Projectile motion, uniform circular motion |
| Gravitation: The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity |
| Gravitation: Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary satellites |
| Oscillations and waves: Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; Oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant |
| Oscillations and waves: Energy in S.H.M.-kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced, and damped oscillations, resonance; wave motion; longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave |
| Oscillations and waves: Displacement relation for a progressive wave; principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, beats, Doppler effect in sound |
Physics: Unit 03
Thermal physics |
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| Properties of solids and liquids: Elastic behaviour, stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity |
| Properties of solids and liquids: Streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds number. Bernoulli's principle and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension-drops, bubbles and capillary rise |
| Properties of solids and liquids: Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer conduction, convection and radiation, Newton's law of cooling |
| Thermodynamics: Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Carnot engine and its efficiency |
| Kinetic theory of gases: Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gases-assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom |
| Kinetic theory of gases: Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; mean free path, Avogadro's number |
Physics: Unit 04
Electricity magnetism |
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| Electrostatics: Electric charges-conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge |
| Electrostatics: Electric field-electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux |
| Electrostatics: Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell |
| Electrostatics: Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators |
| Electrostatics: Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor |
| Current electricity: Electric current, drift velocity, Ohm's law, electrical resistance, resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non-Ohmic conductors, electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity |
| Current electricity: Colour code for resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance. Electric cell and its internal resistance, potential difference and EMF of a cell |
| Current electricity: Combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff's laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge. Potentiometer-principle and its applications |
| Magnetic effects of current and magnetism: Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid |
| Magnetic effects of current and magnetism: Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors |
| Magnetic effects of current and magnetism: Definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter |
| Magnetic effects of current and magnetism: Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements |
| Magnetic effects of current and magnetism: Para-, dia-, and ferro-magnetic substances. Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, hysteresis, electromagnets and permanent magnets |
Physics: Unit 05
Atomic structure and optics |
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| Atoms and nuclei: Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones |
| Atoms and nuclei: Radioactivity-alpha, beta, and gamma particles/ rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion |
| Dual nature of matter and radiation: Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric equation; particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, De Broglie relation |
| Dual nature of matter and radiation: Davisson-Germer experiment |
| Optics: Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, total internal reflection and its applications, deviation and dispersion of light by a prism, lens formula, magnification, power of a lens |
| Optics: Combination of thin lenses in contact, microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers |
| Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens' principle, laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum |
| Wave optics: Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster's law, uses of plane polarized light and polaroids |
Physics: Unit 06
Electrical and electronics |
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| Electromagnetic induction and alternating currents: Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's law, induced EMF and current; Lenz's law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage |
| Electromagnetic induction and alternating currents: Reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance; quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer |
| Electromagnetic waves: Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics. Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays). Applications of E.M. waves |
| Electronic devices: Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor |
| Electronic devices: Transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR). Transistor as a switch |
| Electronic devices: Communication systems-propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; sky and space wave propagation, need for modulation, amplitude and frequency modulation, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium |
| Electronic devices: Basic elements of a communication system |
Mathematics: Unit 01
Algebra |
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| Sets, relations, and functions: Sets and their representation; union, intersection, and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; power set; relation, types of relations, equivalence relations; functions |
| Sets, relations, and functions: One-one, into, and onto functions, composition of functions |
| Complex numbers and quadratic equations: Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers |
| Complex numbers and quadratic equations: Modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality, quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions |
| Complex numbers and quadratic equations: Relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots |
| Sequences and series: Arithmetic and geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers. Relation between A.M. and G.M. sum upto n terms of special series: Geometric progression |
Mathematics: Unit 02
Matrices, vectors, and reasoning |
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| Matrices and determinants: Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, determinants and matrices of order two and three, adjoint, transpose, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices, properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants |
| Matrices and determinants: Area of triangles using determinants. Evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations |
| Matrices and determinants: Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices |
| Vector algebra: Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product |
| Mathematical reasoning: Statements, logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if. Understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive |
Mathematics: Unit 03
Permutation-combination and binomial theorem |
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| Permutations and combinations: Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, meaning of P (n, r) and C (n, r), simple applications |
| Mathematical induction: Principle of mathematical Induction and its simple applications |
| Binomial theorem and its simple applications: Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of binomial coefficients and simple applications |
Mathematics: Unit 04
Limit, integration, and differentiation |
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| Limit, continuity, and differentiability: Real valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions |
| Limit, continuity, and differentiability: Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions |
| Limit, continuity, and differentiability: Derivatives of order upto two. Rolle's and Lagrange's mean value theorems. Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic increasing and decreasing functions |
| Limit, continuity, and differentiability: Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals |
| Integral calculus: Integral as an anti derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities |
| Integral calculus: Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental theorem of calculus. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form |
| Integral calculus: Differential equations-ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables |
| Integral calculus: Solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type: dy/dx + p(x)y = q(x) |
Mathematics: Unit 05
Geometry |
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| Coordinate geometry: Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes |
| Straight lines: Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines |
| Straight lines: Coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines |
| Circles, conic sections: Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given |
| Circles, conic sections: Points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent. Sections of cones |
| Circles, conic sections: Equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y=mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency |
| Three dimensional geometry: Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation |
| Three dimensional geometry: Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines |
Mathematics: Unit 06
Probability and trigonometry |
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| Statistics and probability: Measures of dispersion-calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data |
| Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution |
Mathematics: Unit 07
Probabilty and trigonometry |
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| Trigonometry: Trigonometrical Identities and equations, trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometric function: Definition, domain, range, elementary properties of inverse trignometric functions, heights and distances |
Chemistry: Unit 01
Atomic structure, states of matter, and thermodynamics |
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| Some basic concepts in chemistry: Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory; concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; physical quantities and their measurements in chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. units |
| Some basic concepts in chemistry: Dimensional analysis; laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; chemical equations and stoichiometry |
| States of matter: Classification of matter into solid, liquid, and gaseous states |
| Gaseous state: Measurable properties of gases; gas laws-Boyle's law, Charle's law, Graham's law of diffusion, Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure; concept of absolute scale of temperature; ideal gas equation; kinetic theory of gases |
| Gaseous state: Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; real gases, deviation from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor and Van der Waals equation, liquefaction of gases, critical constants |
| Liquid State: Properties of liquids-vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only) |
| Solid state: Classification of solids-molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg's law and its applications; unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc, and hcp lattices), voids |
| Solid State: Calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; electrical, magnetic, and dielectric properties |
| Atomic structure: Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton, and neutron), Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; spectrum of hydrogen atom |
| Atomic structure: Bohr model of hydrogen atom-its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; dual nature of matter, De-Broglie's relationship |
| Atomic structure: Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features, concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions |
| Atomic structure: Variation of Ψ and Ψ2 , with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p, and d-orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number |
| Atomic structure: Rules for filling electrons in orbitals-Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals |
| Chemical bonding and molecular structure: Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy |
| Covalent bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules |
| Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory-its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; resonance |
| Molecular orbital theory: Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order |
| Molecular orbital theory: Bond length and bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications |
| Chemical thermodynamics: Fundamentals of thermodynamics-system and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes |
| First law of thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition |
| First law of thermodynamics: Hydration, ionization and solution |
| Second law of thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; ∆S of the universe and ∆G of the system as criteria for spontaneity, ∆G0 (standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant |
Chemistry: Unit 02
Solutions, chemical kinetics, and surface chemistry |
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| Solutions: Different methods for expressing concentration of solution-molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law-ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure-composition |
| Solutions: Plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties of dilute solutions-relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure |
| Solutions: Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; abnormal value of molar mass, Van't Hoff factor and its significance |
| Equilibrium: Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium |
| Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes |
| Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of ∆G and ∆Go in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature |
| Equilibria involving chemical processes: Effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle |
| Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants |
| Ionic equilibrium: Ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions |
| Redox reactions and electrochemistry: Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions. Electrolytic and metallic conduction |
| Redox reactions and electrochemistry: Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch's law and its applications |
| Electrochemical cells: Electrolytic and galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, EMF of a galvanic cell and its measurement |
| Electrochemical cells: Nernst equation and its applications; relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change; dry cell and lead accumulator; fuel cells; corrosion and its prevention |
| Chemical kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: Concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units |
| Chemical kinetics: Differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions-Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation |
| Chemical kinetics: Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation) |
| Surface chemistry: Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids-Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions. Catalysis-homogeneous and heterogeneous |
| Surface chemistry: Activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism |
| Colloidal state: Distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids-lyophilic, lyophobic; multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles) |
| Colloidal state: Preparation and properties of colloids-Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; emulsions and their characteristic |
Chemistry: Unit 03
Hydrogen and s-block elements |
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| Classification of elements and periodicity in properties: Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d, and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy |
| Classification of elements and periodicity in properties: Electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity |
| General principles and processes of isolation of metals: Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores |
| General principles and processes of isolation of metals: Steps involved in the extraction of metals-concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn, and Fe |
| General principles and processes of isolation of metals: Thermodynamics and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals |
| Hydrogen: Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide |
| Hydrogen: Classification of hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial, hydrogen as a fuel |
| s-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals) Group-1 and 2 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group |
| s-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals) Group-1 and 2 elements: Diagonal relationships. Preparation and properties of some important compounds-sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate |
| s-block elements (alkali and alkaline earth metals) Group-1 and 2 elements: Industrial uses of lime, limestone, plaster of Paris and cement; biological significance of Na, K, Mg, and Ca |
Chemistry: Unit 04
p, d, and f-block elements and environmental chemistry |
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| p-block elements: Group-13 to Group-18 elements-general Introduction-electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group |
| p-block elements: Group-13 to Group-18 elements-Groupwise study of the p-block elements |
| p-block elements: Group-13-preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminium; structure, properties, and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron tri- fluoride, aluminium chloride and alums |
| p-block elements: Group-14-tendency for catenation; structure, properties, and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones |
| p-block elements: Group-15-properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; allotrophic forms of phosphorus; preparation, properties, structures, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl₃, PCl₅) |
| p-block elements: Group-15-structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus |
| p-block elements: Group-16-preparation, properties, structures, and uses of dioxygen and ozone; allotropic forms of sulphur; preparations, properties, structures, and uses of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation) |
| p-block elements: Group-16-structures of oxoacids of sulphur |
| p-block elements: Group-17-preparation, properties, and uses of hydrochloric acid; trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; structures of interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens |
| p-block elements: Group-18-occurrence and uses of noble gases; structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon |
| d-and f-block elements: Transition elements-general introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements-physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states |
| d-and f-block elements: Transition elements-general trends in properties of the first row transition elements-atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation |
| d-and f-block elements: Transition elements-preparation, properties, and uses of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄ |
| Inner transition elements: Lanthanoids-electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids-electronic configuration and oxidation states |
| Coordination compounds: Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism |
| Coordination compounds: Bonding-valence bond approach and basic ideas of crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and in biological systems) |
| Environmental chemistry: Environmental pollution-atmospheric, water, and soil |
| Tropospheric pollutants: Gaseous pollutants-oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; green house effect and global warming; acid rain; particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist |
| Tropospheric pollutants: Gaseous pollutants-their sources, harmful effects and prevention |
| Stratospheric pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer-its mechanism and effects. Water pollution-major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention |
| Stratospheric pollution: Soil pollution-major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention. Strategies to control environmental pollution |
Chemistry: Unit 05
Basic concepts of organic chemistry |
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| Purification and characterization of organic compounds: Purification-crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography-principles and their applications |
| Qualitative analysis: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens |
| Quantitative analysis (basic principles only): Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis |
| Some basic principles of organic chemistry: Tetravalency of carbon; shapes of simple molecules-hybridization (s and p) |
| Some basic principles of organic chemistry: Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: - C = C -, - C ≡ C - and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; homologous series; isomerism-structural and stereoisomerism |
| Nomenclature (trivial and IUPAC) covalent bond fission: Homolytic and heterolytic-free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles |
| Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Hydrocarbons: Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions |
| Common types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement |
| Alkanes: Conformations-Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); mechanism of halogenations of alkanes |
| Alkenes: Geometrical isomerism; mechanism of electrophilic addition: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff's and peroxide effect); ozonolysis, oxidation and polymerization |
| Alkynes: Acidic character; addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; polymerization |
| Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, benzene-structure and aromaticity; mechanism of electrophilic substitution: Halogenations, nitration, Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene |
| Organic compounds containing halogens: General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; nature of C-X bond; mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses; environmental effects of chloroform and iodoform, freons and DDT |
Chemistry: Unit 06
Oxygen, nitrogen, polymer, and biomolecules |
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| Organic compounds containing oxygen: General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses |
| Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration |
| Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: Halogenations, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer-Tiemann reaction |
| Ethers: Structure |
| Aldehyde and ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; important reactions such as-nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent |
| Aldehyde and ketones: Oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones |
| Carboxylic acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it |
| Organic compounds containing nitrogen: General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses |
| Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character |
| Diazonium salts: importance in synthetic organic chemistry |
| Polymers: General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization; natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization |
| Polymers: Some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses-polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite |
| Biomolecules: General introduction and importance of biomolecules |
| Carbohydrates: Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) |
| Proteins: Elementary idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes |
| Vitamins: Classification and functions |
| Nucleic acids: Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids |
| Chemistry in everyday life: Chemicals in medicines-analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids antihistamines-their meaning and common example |
| Chemicals in food: Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents-common examples |
| Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents, cleansing action |
Biology: Unit 01
Diversity and structural organisation |
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| What is living?, biodiversity; need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for study of taxonomy-museums, zoos, herbaria, botanical gardens |
| Five kingdom classification: Salient features and classification of monera; protista and fungi into major groups; lichens; viruses and viroids |
| Five kingdom classification: Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms; angiosperms-classification up to class, characteristic features and examples |
| Five kingdom classification: Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level |
| Structural organisation in animals and plants: Morphology and modifications; tissues; anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence-cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and see, animal tissues |
| Structural organisation in animals and plants: Morphology, anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach) |
| Cell structure and function: Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles-structure and function |
| Cell structure and function: Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function) |
| Cell structure and function: Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus. Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action |
| Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and their significance |
Biology: Unit 02
Plant physiology |
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| Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; cell to cell transport-diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant-water relations-imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis |
| Transport in plants: Long distance transport of water-absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; transpiration-opening and closing of stomata |
| Transport in plants: Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-transport of food, phloem transport, mass flow hypothesis; diffusion of gases |
| Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; deficiency symptoms; mineral toxicity; elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; nitrogen metabolism-nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation |
| Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis |
| Photosynthesis: Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis |
| Respiration: Exchange gases; cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations-number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratory quotient |
| Plant growth and development: Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; plant growth and development: Seed germination; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation, and redifferentiation |
| Plant growth and development: Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; growth regulators-auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; vernalisation; photoperiodism |
Biology: Unit 03
Human physiology |
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| Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; caloric value of proteins |
| Digestion and absorption: Carbohydrates and fats; egestion; nutritional and digestive disorders-PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea |
| Breathing and respiration: Respiratory organs in animals; respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, respiratory volumes |
| Breathing and respiration: Disorders related to respiration-asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders |
| Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, double circulation |
| Body fluids and circulation: Regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory system-hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure |
| Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system-structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function-renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor |
| Excretory products and their elimination: ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders; uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney |
| Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement-ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; skeletal muscle-contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints |
| Locomotion and movement: Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout |
| Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; nervous system in humans-central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sense organs |
| Neural control and coordination: Elementary structure and function of eye and ear |
| Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system-hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism of hormone action; role of hormones as messengers and regulators |
| Chemical coordination and regulation: Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (common disorders e.g. dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goitre, exopthalmicgoiter, diabetes, Addison's disease) |
Biology: Unit 04
Reproduction, genetics, and evolution |
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| Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; modes of reproduction-asexual and sexual; asexual reproduction; modes-binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation |
| Reproduction in organisms: Vegetative propagation in plants |
| Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination-types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization |
| Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Post fertilization events-development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; significance of seed and fruit formation |
| Human reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation |
| Human reproduction: Pregnancy and placenta formation; parturition; lactation |
| Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); birth control-need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis |
| Reproductive health: Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT |
| Genetics and evolution: Heredity and variation-Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism-incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance |
| Genetics and evolution: Chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; sex determination-in humans, birds, honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance-haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-thalassemia |
| Genetics and evolution: Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes |
| Molecular basis of inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation-lac operon |
| Molecular basis of Inheritance: Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing |
| Evolution: Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from palaeontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence; Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution |
| Evolution: Mechanism of evolution-variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution |
Biology: Unit 05
Biology, biotechnology, and human welfare |
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| Health and disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, filariasis, ascariasis typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; adolescence, drug, and alcohol abuse |
| Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, biofortification; apiculture and animal husbandry |
| Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers |
| Biotechnology and its applications: Principles and process of biotechnology: Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology) |
| Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues-biopiracy and patents |
Biology: Unit 06
Ecology and environment |
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| Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; population and ecological adaptations; population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution |
| Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services-carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release |
| Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, red data book, biosphere reserves |
| Biodiversity and its conservation: National parks and sanctuaries |
| Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and their effects; solid waste management; radioactive waste management; greenhouse effect and global warning; ozone depletion; deforestation |
| Environmental issues: Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues |
English: Unit 01
Grammar |
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| Parts of speech-noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, verb, preposition, conjunction, interjection; tenses-present, past, and future tense in active and passive form; modal verbs-can, could, may, might, should, will, would |
English: Unit 02
Associate language skills |
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| Vocabulary-antonyms, synonyms, one word substitution, word analogies, idioms and phrases |
English: Unit 03
Common errors |
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| Sentence correction and error finding exercises |
English: Unit 04
Comprehension passages |
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| Closed and open paragraphs, identifying key ideas or theme |
Crop production: Unit 01
Livestock production |
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| Scope and importance: (a) Importance of livestock in agriculture and industry, white revolution in India, (b) important breeds Indian and exotic, distribution of cows, buffaloes and poultry in India |
| Care and management: (a) Systems of cattle and poultry housing, (b) principles of feeding, feeding practices, (c) balanced ration-definition and ingredients |
| Care and management: (d) management of calves, bullocks, pregnant and milch animals as well as chicks crockrels and layers, poultry |
| Care and management: (e) signs of sick animals, symptoms of common diseases in cattle and poultry, rinderpest, black quarter, foot and mouth, mastitis and haemorrhagic septicaemia coccidiosis, fowl pox and Ranikhet disease, their prevention and control |
| Artificial insemination: Reproductive organs, collection, dilution and preservation of semen and artificial insemination, role of artificial insemination in cattle improvement. Livestock products: Processing and marketing of milk and milk products |
Crop production: Unit 02
Crop production |
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| Introduction: (a) Targets and achievements in foodgrain production in India since independence and its future projections, sustainable crop production, commercialization of agriculture and its scope in India |
| Introduction: (b) Classification of field crops based on their utility-cereals, pulses, oils seeds, fibre, sugar and forage crops |
| Soil, soil fertility, fertilizers and manures: (a) Soil, soil pH, soil texture, soil structure, soil organisms, soil tilth, soil fertility and soil health, (b) essential plant nutrients, their functions and deficiency symptoms |
| Soil, soil fertility, fertilizers and manures: (c) soil types of India and their characteristics, (d) organic manure, common fertilizers including straight, complex, fertilizer mixtures and biofertilizers; integrated nutrient management system |
| Irrigation and drainage: (a) Sources of irrigation (rain, canals, tanks, rivers, wells, tubewells), (b) scheduling of irrigation based on critical stages of growth, time interval, soil moisture content and weather parameters |
| Irrigation and drainage: (c) Water requirement of crops, (d) methods of irrigation and drainage |
| Irrigation and drainage: (e) watershed management weed Control: Principles of weed control, methods of weed control (cultural, mechanical, chemical, biological, and integrated weed management) |
| Crops: Seed bed preparation, seed treatment, time and method of sowing/ planting, seed rate; dose, method and time of fertilizer application, irrigation, interculture and weed control; common pests and diseases, caused by bacteria |
| Crops: Fungi virus and nematode and their control, integrated pest management, harvesting, threshing, post-harvest technology: storage, processing and marketing of major field crops-rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, groundnut, mustard, pigeon-pea |
| Crops: Processing and marketing of major field crops-gram, sugarcane, cotton and berseem |
Horticulture: Unit 01
Area and production of various horticultural crops and current status |
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| Importance of fruits and vegetables in human diets, crops diversification and processing industries |
| Orchard-location, layout, ornamental gardening and kitchen garden |
| Planting system, training, pruning, intercropping, protection from frost and sunburn |
| Trees, shrubs, climbers, annuals, perennials |
| Propagation by seeds, cutting, budding, layering and grafting |
Horticulture: Unit 02
Cultivation practices, processing and marketing of |
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| Fruits-mango, papaya, banana, guava, citrus, grapes |
| Vegetables-radish, carrot, potato, onion, cauliflower, brinjal, tomato, spinach and cabbage |
| Flowers-gladiolus, canna, chrysanthemums, roses and marigold |
| Principles and methods of fruit and vegetable preservation |
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Preparation of jellies, jams, ketchup, chips and their packing
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| Application Start Date | : | 11th April 2023 |
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| Application End Date | : | 20th April 2023 |
| Exam Date | : | 8th May 2023 |
| Result Date | : | 30th November 0000 |
| Conducted By | : | Lovely Professional University |
| Official Website | : | https://www.lpu.in/ |
