Higher Education

Higher Education

Higher Education Reduces Post-Marriage Job Dropout Rates Among Women in India

PUBLISH DATE 22nd February 2025

Higher Education Reduces Post-Marriage Job Dropout Rates Among Women in India

A recent World Bank report, Education, Social Norms, and the Marriage Penalty: Evidence from South Asia, sheds light on a crucial issue 13% of employed women leave their jobs after marriage. However, it also presents a key insight: women with higher education, particularly those with qualifications equal to their spouses, are far less likely to drop out of the workforce post-marriage. This demonstrates that education is not just a tool for skill development but also a powerful means to challenge traditional gender norms and drive societal change.

Key Findings on Gender Disparity in Education and Employment

The World Bank report reveals major disparities in education and workforce participation, particularly highlighting the role of higher education in reducing job attrition among married women.

Marriage Penalty in South Asia: Women's employment rates drop by 12 percentage points after marriage, even in the absence of children, indicating a "marriage penalty" that can last up to five years.

Employment Trends Among Men: While marriage negatively impacts women's employment, men experience a 13 percentage point increase in job opportunities post marriage, though this advantage diminishes over time.

Impact of Higher Education: Women with post-secondary education are significantly less likely to leave their jobs after marriage. Education beyond high school nearly halves workforce dropout rates among married women.

Education vs. Social Norms: Higher education provides women with better job opportunities and reduces the constraints imposed by traditional gender roles. While a husband's education can influence household norms, it does not directly impact his wife's career decisions.

Marriage vs. Childbirth Impact: The data indicates that marriage alone causes a more significant decline in women's employment than childbirth, reinforcing the role of societal norms in limiting women's careers.

Need for Social Reform: While education plays a critical role, changing deeply ingrained gender norms is also essential. Policies that encourage gender equality in households and workplaces can further reduce women's workforce attrition post-marriage.

Gender Disparity in Higher Education in India India continues to struggle with gender equality, as reflected in the Global Gender Gap Report 2024 by the World Economic Forum (WEF). Ranked 129th out of 146 economies, India's position has declined. particularly in women's education. At the current rate of progress, full gender parity is projected to be achieved only by 2158 far beyond the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target.

Despite these challenges, some progress has been made. According to the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2021, the gross enrollment ratio for women in higher education (aged 18-23) has risen to 28.5%, surpassing that of men. Over the last decade, female enrollment has increased by 28.3%, with women now constituting 49% of the total student population, up from 45% in 2014-15

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